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bread and circuses
"Bread and circuses" (or bread and games; from (ラテン語:panem et circenses)) is metonymic for a superficial means of appeasement. In the case of politics, the phrase is used to describe the generation of public approval, not through exemplary or excellent public service or public policy, but through diversion; distraction; or the mere satisfaction of the immediate, shallow requirements of a populace,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary )〕 as an offered "palliative." Its originator, Juvenal, used the phrase to decry the selfishness of common people and their neglect of wider concerns.〔Juvenal's literary and cultural influence (Book IV: Satire 10.81)〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=American Heritage Dictionary: to placate or distract. )〕〔(Infoplease Dictionary ) as pacification or diversion.〕 The phrase also implies the erosion or ignorance of civic duty amongst the concerns of the commoner.
==Rome==
This phrase originates from Rome in ''Satire X'' of the Roman satirical poet Juvenal (circa A.D. 100). In context, the Latin ''panem et circenses'' (bread and circuses) identifies the only remaining cares of a Roman populace which no longer cares for its historical birthright of political involvement. Here Juvenal displays his contempt for the declining heroism of contemporary Romans.〔Hirsch, Kett, & Trefil (1993). ''The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy''. Houghton Mifflin.〕 Roman politicians passed laws in 140 B.C. to keep the votes of poorer citizens, by introducing a grain dole: giving out cheap food and entertainment, "bread and circuses", became the most effective way to rise to power.
Juvenal here makes reference to the Roman practice of providing free wheat to Roman citizens as well as costly circus games and other forms of entertainment as a means of gaining political power. The ''Annona'' (grain dole) was begun under the instigation of the ''popularis'' politician Gaius Sempronius Gracchus in 123 B.C.; it remained an object of political contention until it was taken under the control of the autocratic Roman emperors.
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